Oil is the fuel base of modern civilization. The products resulting from processing are used for heating, driving vehicles, paving roads, manufacturing polymers, and a host of other processes, all of which are an integral part of the human way of life.
The problem of the depletion of oil reserves has led to numerous scientific discussions about its origin and the substances involved in its formation. The need to explain the process of the genesis of oil has split the scientific community into two irreconcilable camps:
- supporters of the biogenic theory;
- adherents of the abiogenic way of education.
The abiogenic theory is considered more optimistic for mankind. Its supporters argue that the most common hydrocarbon on our planet is formed by the geological synthesis of its two inorganic components: hydrogen and carbon. Their connection is initiated by high pressure in the underground strata, and occurs in terms measured in tens of thousands of years.
But even if this scenario is ever proven, it doesn't make the fate of the human race any easier: less than 5,000 years separate the moment of invention that formed the basis of the wheel and the creation of the first portable computer. And for the formation of significant oil reservoirs, at least several tens, or even hundreds of thousands of years are needed.
One of the eminent scientists who shared the theory is Mikhail Lomonosov. Along with our contemporaries, he believed that the explored oil reserves, which lie relatively close to the surface, are only a microscopic part of the planet's reserves.Modern followers believe that the oil formed in nature is not only renewable, but also a practically inexhaustible resource for any volume of consumption.
One of the proofs of the possibility of oil synthesis in nature is the presence of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of gas giant planets (in particular, Jupiter). This circumstance confirms the possibility of the formation of the simplest organic substances from natural inorganics.
Abiogenic theory: how is oil formed?
Adherents explain the origin of "black gold" as a result of biomass processing processes - the remains of ancient plants and animals that existed on the planet millions of years ago. There is far more evidence than the opposite.
One of the first proofs was an experiment conducted by German naturalists at the end of the 19th century. Engler and Gefer took lipids of animal origin (cod liver oil) as the material basis for the experiment, and by exposing it to high temperatures and pressure many times higher than atmospheric, light organic fractions were isolated from it.
This theory of oil formation in nature is supported by many more experiments and laboratory studies. Also, geological surveys and forecasting of the occurrence of oil reservoirs are based solely on the provisions of this theory.
Unexplained events
There are a number of deposits that, by the very fact of their existence, refute the main provisions of the abiogenic theory of the origin of oil in nature. These include:
- Tersko-Sunzhenskoye;
- Romashkinskoe;
- West Siberian oil and gas province.
IN different time in these areas, inexplicable "replenishments" of oil were observed. The essence of the amazing events was that the available reservoir analysis methods stated their exhaustion, the wells showed an almost complete stoppage of oil production, however, after a few years, each again showed the presence of oil available for production.
Geologists predicted production in the Romashkinskoye deposit of a little more than 700 million tons of black gold, but for one Soviet period oil production was in a simple way extracted at least 3 billion tons.
The Tersko-Sunzhenskoye field was exhausted by the beginning of the Second World War, when for more than 10 years oil production had not been carried out by “fountain” oil. However, already at the end of the war, the explored wells allegedly received new reserves: production not only resumed, but began to exceed pre-war volumes by orders of magnitude.
A similar situation was observed at many fields in the USSR. Supporters of the inorganic formation of oil in nature easily explained these cases by pointing out that hydrocarbons in these areas are of inorganic origin. Moreover, their formation is significantly catalyzed by the presence of heavy graphites in the depths of the earth and the leakage of sedimentary water, which, under the influence of colossal pressure, generates an accelerated formation of oil.
According to scientists, a significant part of the territory of the West Siberian Plain was covered by the waters of the ancient sea. The natural origin of oil in this area is criticized and obstructed, but the mineral formation of methane, not caused by the processes of decay of organic matter, finds a lot of supporters. Through a process called hydration, the iron salts reacted with seawater, generating methane gas. It accumulated in natural reservoirs, remaining there even after the sea had dried up and reaching our days in its original form, naturally forming in nature.
Conclusions and forecasts
Whatever way of formation of natural oil has received irrefutable evidence, it will help human civilization rather weakly. Human memory, archival recording of observations and scientific research hardly covers periods of hundreds or thousands of years, not to mention millions.
To talk about the possible onset of a fuel crisis is at least unreasonable: humanity is rapidly mastering alternative sources energy, replaces obsolete technologies with new ones, modernizes the processes of exploration and production of already known resources. None of the modern forecasts has a more stable basis than the observation of nature and the comparison of facts, the analysis of observations and historical archives. To cover in one study all kinds of cases that go beyond the framework of the ideas of one of the theories, to compare them and bring them to a common denominator - the idea is rather ambitious than really achievable. Therefore, the question is: “How is oil formed in nature?” may remain open for a long time.
Until then, oil, the key fuel on our planet, will continue to be the subject of scientific debate and the source of numerous mysteries.
"Oil is the most valuable chemical raw material,
She must be protected. Can boilers be fired?
and banknotes."
D.I. Mendeleev
Despite the fact that by the end of the 20th century nuclear energy began to grow rapidly, oil still occupies the most important place in the energy balance of all countries. Yes, and how else? After all, you can't put nuclear power plant on cars and planes! Of course, there are nuclear ships, but they are few. But what about everything else? And man does not live by energy alone. He walks on asphalt roads, and this is oil. And all these gasolines, kerosenes, fuel oils, oils, rubbers, rubbers, polyethylenes, asbestos products and even mineral fertilizers! It would be bad for us if there were no oil on the globe. But there is a lot of oil on Earth, it began to be extracted as early as the 6th millennium BC, and now the annual production is hundreds of millions of tons.
Oil brings in big profits. Entire countries prosper by selling their oil and arousing the envy of their neighbors. Other countries pump oil into natural and artificial caves, creating strategic reserves just in case. Oil kings and monopolies, pipelines and oil refineries, redistribution of oil property, oil wars, contracts and speculation, etc., etc. What has happened in the history of mankind because of oil! People would be bored if it weren't for her.
But oil exists, its reserves amount to hundreds of billions of tons, and it is distributed everywhere, on land and at sea, and at great depths, calculated in kilometers: what lay on the surface has long been used, and now oil is extracted from depths of 2-4 or more kilometers. But there is even more of it even deeper, it’s just unprofitable to extract it from there.
But what is strange is that although there is a lot of oil and it is widely used, no one still knows where oil came from on Earth. There are many conjectures and hypotheses on this subject, some refer to the pre-scientific period, which lasted until the Middle Ages, and others to the scientific one, called by scientists the period of scientific conjectures.
In 1546, Agricola wrote that oil and coal are of inorganic origin. Lomonosov in 1763 suggested that oil originated from the same organic matter as coal. In the third period - the period of development of the oil industry, a number of assumptions were made about both the organic and inorganic origin of oil. Not being able to even simply list them, we will limit ourselves to only a few.
1866 French chemist M. Berthelot: oil is formed by the action of carbon dioxide on alkali metals.
1871 French chemist G. Biasson: oil was formed due to the interaction of water, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide with red-hot iron.
1877 D.I. Mendeleev: oil was formed as a result of water penetration deep into the Earth and its interaction with carbides.
1889 VD Soloviev: Hydrocarbons were contained in the gaseous shell of the Earth even when it was a star, and then they were absorbed by molten magma and formed oil.
And then came a series of hypotheses of inorganic origin of oil, but they were not supported by the International Petroleum Congresses, and of organic origin, which were supported.
It is believed that the main source of oil is plankton. Rocks formed from sediments containing this type of organic matter are potentially source rocks. After prolonged heating, they form oil. Many variations on this theme have been created, however, one difficulty is not explained in any way, how such a mass of plankton (or mammoths, it doesn’t matter) could get to such depths around the globe, and even settle in sandstones, even if they are porous. And it is still unclear why oil fields always contain not only oil, but also sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide or tar. And why in the associated waters accompanying oil production, there is almost the entire set of chemical elements that are unlikely to be contained in plankton.
But those who scientifically guess about the origin of oil try not to focus on such trifles.
However, I would like to draw attention to one more possibility, which most likely will not be recognized by the International Petroleum Congresses. The fact is that sandstones, which contain oil, are mainly silicon oxide - SiO. And if one alpha particle with an atomic weight of 28 is taken away from one silicon nucleus with an atomic weight of 28 and added to another silicon atom, then a sulfur atom with an atomic weight of 32 will be obtained. And the magnesium isotope remaining from the first atom with an atomic weight of 24 will partially remain as magnesium, which is also contained in associated waters, and will partially fall apart and give two molecules of carbon with an atomic weight of 12, thus creating a certain basis for the formation of oil, and coals. But if this is so, then the question arises about the mechanism that could do all this.
From the point of view of etherodynamics, such a mechanism exists. Aether streams flow into the Earth, as well as into any other celestial body, from outer space, the speed of their entry is equal to the second cosmic velocity, which is 11.18 km/s for the Earth. These streams penetrate the Earth to any depth, passing through the rocks along the way and becoming turbulent. The result of the turbulence of ethereal flows are vortices, which are compressed by the external pressure of the ether, and the speed of the flows in them increases many times, as well as the speed gradients, which means that large pressure gradients appear, tearing molecules, atoms and nuclei and rearranging the substance. At the same time, for many years, any hydrocarbons and, in general, any elements, could be created from ordinary inorganic rocks, and at any depth.
Similar processes may well take place in the bowels of any planets, which means that oil, and coal, and other minerals and elements can exist on all planets. solar system and not only her. This, however, does not mean that there was life on these planets. Just like the imprints of dragonflies or leaves in coal, it does not at all indicate that coal was formed from these dragonflies or leaves. You never know where anyone could fly in over the past millions of years!
It follows from the foregoing that the oil crisis may be associated not with a shortage of oil on Earth, but with the high cost of its extraction from the deep layers. So D.I.Mendeleev is right not only in the sense that oil must be protected, because it is a valuable raw material, this is true, even if there is a lot of it. He is also right because, starting from a certain moment, the cost of its production will increase so much that to heat the boilers with banknotes, i.e. paper money will be cheaper.
Origin of oil
Oil- the result of lithogenesis. It is a liquid (basically) hydrophobic phase of the products of fossilization (burial) of organic matter (kerogen) in water-sedimentary deposits under anoxic conditions.
Oil formation- a staged, very long (usually 50-350 million years) process that begins even in living matter. There are a number of stages:
- sedimentation- during which the remains of living organisms fall to the bottom of water basins;
- biochemical- processes of compaction, dehydration and biochemical processes in conditions of limited oxygen access;
- protocatagenesis- lowering the layer of organic residues to a depth of 1.5 - 2 km, with a slow rise in temperature and pressure;
- mesocatagenesis or main phase of oil formation (MOF)- subsidence of a layer of organic residues to a depth of 3 - 4 km, when the temperature rises to 150 °C. In this case, organic substances undergo thermal catalytic destruction, as a result of which bituminous substances are formed, which make up the bulk of microoil. Further, oil is distilled off due to pressure drop and emigration removal of micro-oil into sandy reservoirs, and along them into traps;
- kerogen apocatagenesis or main phase of gas formation (MFG)- subsidence of a layer of organic residues to a depth of more than 4.5 km, when the temperature rises to 180-250 °C. In this case, the organic matter loses its oil-generating potential and realizes its methane-generating potential.
- I. M. Gubkin also singled out the stage destruction of oil fields.
Convincing evidence of the biogenic nature of the source material was obtained as a result of a detailed study of the evolution of the molecular composition of hydrocarbons and their biochemical precursors (progenitors) in the original organisms, in the organic matter of sediments and rocks, and in various oils from deposits. Important was the discovery in the composition of oil chemofossils- very peculiar, often complexly constructed molecular structures of a clearly biogenic nature, that is, inherited (in whole or in the form of fragments) from organic matter. The study of the distribution of stable carbon isotopes (12 C, 13 C) in oil, organic matter of rocks and in organisms (A. P. Vinogradov, E. M. Galimov) also confirmed the invalidity of inorganic hypotheses.
It is believed that the main source of oil is usually zooplankton and algae, which provide the highest bioproduction in water bodies and the accumulation in sediments of organic matter of the sapropel type, characterized by a high content of hydrogen (due to the presence of aliphatic and alicyclic molecular structures in kerogen).
In antiquity, there were warm, nutrient-rich seas such as those in the Gulf of Mexico and the ancient Tethys Ocean, where a large number of organic material fell to the bottom of the ocean, exceeding the rate at which it could decompose. As a result, large masses of organic material were buried under subsequent deposits such as shale or salt. This is confirmed by the presence of a thick layer of salt over oil fields in the Middle East. The formation of salt deposits indicates that these reservoirs long time were quite shallow, poorly communicated with the rest of the ocean, and evaporation greatly exceeded the inflow sea water from the outside. Subsequently, these zones were on land as a result of the movement of the continents. The conditions are quite unique, so most modern organic sediments at the bottom of the ocean have a different fate - when the oceanic crust moves, they fall into the subduction zone.
Rocks formed from sediments containing this type of organic matter are potentially source oil. Most often these are clays, less often - carbonate and sandy-silty rocks, which, in the process of immersion, reach the upper half of the zone mesocatagenesis where takes effect main factor oil formation - prolonged heating of organic matter at temperatures of 50 °C and above. The upper boundary of this main oil formation zone is located at a depth of 1.3-1.7 km (with an average geothermal gradient of 4°С/100 m) to 2.7-3 km (with a gradient of 2°С/100 m) and is fixed by a change brown coal degree of carbonification of organic matter coal. The main phase of oil formation is confined to the zone where carbonification of organic matter reaches a degree corresponding to grade G coals. This phase is characterized by a significant increase in thermal and (or) thermocatalytic decomposition of polymer lipid and other components of kerogen. Large quantities of petroleum hydrocarbons are formed, including low molecular weight (C 5 -C 15), which were almost absent at earlier stages of the transformation of organic matter. These hydrocarbons, which give rise to the gasoline and kerosene fractions of oil, significantly increase the mobility of microoil. At the same time, due to a decrease in the sorption capacity of parent rocks, an increase in internal pressure in them and the release of water as a result of dehydration clay, the movement of micro-oil to the nearest reservoirs is enhanced. When oil migrates through collectors into traps, oil always rises, so its maximum reserves are located at somewhat shallower depths than the zone of manifestation of the main phase of oil formation, the lower boundary of which usually corresponds to the zone where the organic matter of the rocks reaches the degree of coalification characteristic of coke coals. Depending on the intensity and duration of heating, this boundary runs at depths (meaning the maximum depth of subsidence in the entire geological history of this series of sedimentary deposits) from 3-3.5 to 5-6 km.
Periodization of theory development
In the knowledge of the genetic nature of oil and the conditions of its formation, several periods can be distinguished.
- The first of these (pre-scientific) continued until the Middle Ages. So, in George Agricola wrote that oil and coal are of inorganic origin; the latter are formed by the thickening and solidification of oil.
- The second period - scientific conjectures - is associated with the date of publication of the work of M. V. Lomonosov "On the layers of the earth" (), where the idea was expressed of the distillation origin of oil from the same organic matter that gives rise to coal.
- The third period in the evolution of knowledge about the origin of oil is associated with the emergence and development of the oil industry. During this period, various hypotheses were proposed for the inorganic (mineral) and organic origin of oil, as well as space.
Background to the creation of modern theory
The main milestones in the long process of scientific resolution of the issue of the origin of oil are outlined by Russian scientists. For the first time in 1763, MV Lomonosov suggested that oil originated from plant residues that had been charred and pressured in the earth's layers. These ideas of Lomonosov were far ahead of the scientific thought of that time, which was looking for sources of oil among inanimate nature.
Notes
see also
Abiogenic origin of oil ( English) - Non-biological theory of the origin of oil.
Links
- Non-biological theory of the origin of oil (English) [ non-authoritative source?]
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Origin of oil and natural gas- nature of oil (gas), oil (gas) origin Remains not quite clear. The initial scientific ideas about the origin of oil were expressed as early as the middle of the 18th century. Lomonosov, who considered oil as a product formed in the process of ... ... Oil and gas microencyclopedia
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Applied geol. the science of the conditions for the distribution of oil and gas in the lithosphere, the search for their industrial accumulations, the preparation of the latter for development with the calculation of reserves in them both on land and in the waters of the shelves and continental basins. ... ... Geological Encyclopedia
There are two theories of oil formation, which today find their supporters and opponents among scientists. The first theory is called biogenic. According to it, oil is formed from the organic remains of plants and animals over millions of years. It was first put forward by the outstanding Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov.
The rate of development of human civilization is far ahead of the rate of formation of oil, so it can be attributed to natural resources. The biogenic theory implies that oil will run out in the near future. According to the forecasts of some scientists, humanity will be able to extract "black gold" for no more than 30 years.
The other theory is more optimistic and gives hope to the big oil companies. It's called abiogenic. Its founder was D.I. Mendeleev. During one of his visits to Baku, he met the famous geologist Herman Abich, who shared his thoughts on the formation of oil with the great chemist.
Abiha noticed that all large oil fields are located in close proximity to cracks and faults in the earth's crust. Mendeleev took note of this interesting information and created his own theory of oil formation. According to it, surface waters penetrating deep into the earth's crust through cracks react with metals and their carbides. As a result of such a reaction, hydrocarbons are formed, which gradually rise along the same cracks in the earth's crust. Gradually, an oil field appears in the thickness of the earth's crust. This process takes less than 10 years. This theory allows scientists to assert that oil reserves will last for many more centuries.
Oil reserves in the fields will be replenished if a person stops production from time to time. To do this in a constantly growing population is almost impossible. The only hope remains for unexplored deposits.
Today, scientists bring more and more evidence of the truth of the abiogenic theory. A famous scientist from Moscow showed that when heated to 400 degrees, any hydrocarbon containing a polynaphthenic component releases pure oil.
artificial oil
Under laboratory conditions, artificial oil can be obtained. This has been known since the last century. Why are people looking for oil deep underground, and not synthesizing it? It's all about the huge market value of artificial oil. It is very unprofitable to produce it.
The fact that oil can be obtained in the laboratory confirms the abiogenic theory of oil formation, which has recently gained many supporters in different countries.
I remember in childhood at the age of "why" 3-4 years old, dad told me where coal, oil, gas and other natural resources come from. I recently read a post about "large holes in the earth". "What a giant hole in the ground looks like from a bird's eye view." Under the influence of what I read, decades later, this topic became interested again. To begin with, I suggest that you read this article (see below)
Trees, grass = coal. Animals = oil, gas. A short formula for the creation of coal, oil, gas.
Coal and oil are found between layers of sedimentary rocks. In essence, sedimentary rocks are dried mud. This means that all these seams, including coal and oil, were formed mainly due to the action of water during the flood. It should be added that almost all coal and oil reserves are of vegetable origin.
Coal (charred animal remains) and oil formed from animal remains contain nitrogen compounds that are absent in vegetable oil. Thus, it is not difficult to distinguish one type of deposits from another.
Most people are amazed to learn that coal and oil are essentially the same thing. The only real difference between them is the water content of the deposits!
The easiest way to understand the formation of coal and oil is to look at the example of a pie being baked in an oven. We all saw how the heated filling flows out of the pie onto a baking sheet. The result is a viscous or charred substance that is difficult to scrape off. The more the leaked filling tans, the harder and blacker it will become.
Here's what happens to the filling: sugar (a hydrocarbon) dehydrates in a hot oven. The hotter the oven, and the longer the cake bakes, the harder and blacker the lumps of leaked filling will become. In fact, the blackened filling can be considered a type of low-quality coal.
Wood is made up of cellulose - sugar. Consider what would happen if a large amount of plant material were quickly buried in the ground. During the decomposition process, heat is released, which will begin to dehydrate the plant material. Loss of water, however, will lead to further heating. In turn, this will cause further dehydration. If the process takes place under such conditions that the heat does not dissipate quickly, then heating and drying continue.
Heating up the plant material in the ground will lead to one of two results. If water can flow out of a geological formation that leaves dried and dehydrated material, then coal is produced. If the water cannot leave the geological formation, then oil will be obtained.
When moving from peat to lignite (brown coal), to bituminous coal and to anthracite, their water content (the degree of dehydration or the degree of water content reduction) changes in a linear relationship.
A necessary ingredient in the formation of fossil fuels is the presence of kaolin clays. Such clays are usually included in the products of volcanic eruptions, in particular in the composition of volcanic ash.
Coal and oil are obvious results of Noah's Flood. During the global catastrophe and the subsequent Noah's Flood, huge amounts of superheated water poured out of the bowels of the earth's surface, where they mixed with surface water and rainwater. In addition, thanks to hot rocks and hot ash from thousands of volcanoes, many of the sedimentary layers that formed were heated. Earth is a wonderful thermal insulator that can retain heat for a long time.
At the beginning of the Flood, thousands of volcanoes, shifts in the earth's crust mowed down forests all over the planet. Volcanic ash covered huge clusters of tree trunks that floated in the water. After these accumulations of trunks were buried between the heated sedimentary layers deposited during the Flood, in short time coal and oil were formed.
“Summary: industrial accumulations of oil and natural gas can form over several thousand years in sedimentation pools [dried layers of mud] under conditions of hot liquid flow over comparable periods of time.”
The hot, wet mud beds created by Noah's Flood created ideal conditions for the rapid formation of coal, oil, and gas.
Required time to "create" coal, oil.
Laboratory studies over the past few decades have shown that coal and oil can form quickly. In May 1972, George Hill, dean of the College of Mines and Mines, wrote an article published in the Journal of Chemical Technology, now known as Chemtek. On page 292 he commented:
“Luckily, this turned out to be a rather startling discovery... These observations suggest that high-grade coals during their formation... probably experienced high temperatures at some point in their history. Perhaps the mechanism for the formation of these high-grade coals was some event that caused a short-term sharp heating.
The fact is that Hill simply managed to make coal (indistinguishable from natural). And it took him six hours.
More than 20 years ago, British researchers invented a way to turn household waste into oil, suitable for heating houses and using it as fuel for power plants.
Natural coal can also form quickly. The Argonne National Laboratory has reported the results of scientific studies proving that, under natural conditions, coal can be formed in as little as 36 weeks. According to this report, for the formation of coal, it is only necessary that the wood and kaolin clay as a catalyst be buried deep enough (to exclude oxygen); and that the temperature of the surrounding rocks be 150 degrees Celsius. Under such conditions, coal is obtained in just 36 months. The report went on to note that at higher temperatures, coal is formed even faster.
Oil is a renewable natural resource.
The big intrigue is that oil and natural gas reserves may not be as limited and finite as many imagine them to be. On April 16, 1999, a staff reporter for the Wall Street Journal wrote an article, "Not a Joke at All: An Oil Field Grows as the Oil Produces." It starts like this:
Houston - something mysterious is going on at Eugene Island 330.
This field, located in the Gulf of Mexico far from the coast of Louisiana, was thought to have declined in productivity many years ago. And for a while, it behaved like a normal field: following its discovery in 1973, oil production at Eugene Island 330 peaked at about 15,000 barrels a day. By 1989, production had dropped to around 4,000 barrels a day.
Then, unexpectedly ... fate again smiled at Eugene Island. The field, operated by Penz-Energy Co., is producing 13,000 barrels a day today, and probable reserves have skyrocketed from 60 to over 400 million barrels. Even stranger is that, according to scientists studying the field, the geological age of the oil flowing from the pipe is quite different from the age of the oil that spouted from the ground 10 years ago.
So, it seems that oil is still being formed in the bowels of the earth; and its quality is higher than found originally. The more research is done, the more we learn that the forces of nature that produce new oil are still at work!
Conclusions.
Looking at the photos of huge coal pits, realizing the data on the reserves of oil fields, we can assume that:
Oil in ancient times was formed on the site of previously existing extensive forests, jungles. Those. where there are now the largest reserves of oil and coal in the world, there used to be impenetrable forests with gigantic trees. And all these forests at one moment turned out to be dumped into one huge heap, later littered with earth, under which, without air access, coal and oil were formed. In place of Siberia - the jungle, desert Kuwait, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, Mexico many thousands of years ago were covered with impenetrable forests.
In the event of a future apocalypse, our descendants, like us, in a few thousand years have a chance to possess the richest deposits of minerals. In addition to those that we do not have time to extract and process, new ones will appear. And we can say with confidence that they will be located geographically in the place of the current dense forests - again our Siberia), the Amazon jungle and other wooded places on our planet.