The history of the discovery on Elbrus of a Moscow climber who died more than 30 years ago Elena Bazykina shocked people who were familiar with the realities of modern mountaineering only by hearsay.
Ticket from 1987
Many people treat the Caucasus Mountains with some condescension: they say, they are not Everest, not the Pamirs, just a resort for those who want to feel like they have conquered the peak.
Rescuers from the Ministry of Emergency Situations working in the region shrug their shoulders in response and cite dry statistics. On average, Elbrus takes about 20 human lives: both beginners and experienced climbers.
On August 23, 2018, a group of climbers found the body of the deceased at an altitude of 4000 meters near the Uluchuran gorge. The very fact of finding a corpse in climbing equipment in these places, alas, is not uncommon. But well-preserved documents were found on the woman: a passport and a plane ticket dated... April 10, 1987. On this day, Muscovite Elena Bazykina flew from Vnukovo airport to Mineral water, from where she went to the foot of Elbrus.
The Lost Five
36-year-old Bazykina was part of a group of the Lenin Club of tourists who climbed the Western peak of Elbrus. Led the group instructor Viktor Lykov.
The five climbers consisted of experienced athletes, for whom the climb should not have been very difficult. Climbers who knew Elena say that in the summer of 1987 she was going to climb Central Asia, and went to Elbrus for preparation and acclimatization.
However, Lykov's group did not return to base camp. The search work, which was carried out in 1987 and 1988, did not yield any results. Until 2018, there were only speculations about the fate of the group. Now the picture is somewhat clearer.
The climbers were killed by an avalanche?
"Rossiyskaya Gazeta" quotes the words official representative of the Investigative Committee for Karachay-Cherkessia Sergei Shuvaev:“According to the forensic medical examination, the climber has multiple fractures of the limbs and ribs, which is typical when a person is caught in an avalanche.” Most likely, an avalanche covered the climbers while spending the night on the plateau. They had no chance to survive.
It is unlikely that the climbers broke any rules. For example, Elena Bazykina was now quickly identified due to the fact that she kept her documents carefully wrapped in plastic. But in the mountains, sometimes even strict adherence to all norms does not protect from trouble. Relatives of Elena Bazykina, whom investigators and journalists managed to find, are now preparing for the funeral of the woman who will forever remain 36 years old.
Bazykina is the first of Viktor Lykov’s five who was discovered. But perhaps it will be possible to find the bodies of her comrades. At the beginning of August 2018, a climber’s backpack was found on the Karachaul glacier, which, apparently, had lain under the snow for many years. This is indicated by a film camera found in the backpack. It is possible that the things belonged to someone from Lykov’s group.
“Go to the mountains and not return”: in the fall of 2017, the body of a climber who disappeared in 1991 was found on Elbrus
In the fall of 2017, rescuers within a short time found the bodies of six climbers who had been reported missing in different years.
“Since last Friday, our guys have been flying around Elbrus by helicopter and found the bodies of six climbers in different places. The bodies of three of them were found today at an altitude of 5,500 meters in the area of the Western peak of the mountain,” RIA Novosti said then Head of the Elbrus high-mountain search and rescue team of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia Abdullah Guliyev.
Among the dead found in 2017 was a resident of Leningrad Assia Lach. Nothing has been known about the fate of the woman, who was a master of sports in mountaineering and a member of the board of the Leningrad Mountaineering Federation, since 1991.
Mountaineering veterans tell a rather gloomy story: according to them, Assia Alekseevna, who was 60 years old, committed suicide.
Portal 4sport.ua gives the story editor of the annual almanac “Our Mountains” Mikhail Pronin: “Together with a team of participants and coaches, an elderly woman climbed to the “Shelter of Eleven”; she was considered a journalist. Then she disappeared, leaving her things behind. When we climbed to the Shelter, the rescuers on duty there said that in the room where this woman lived, they found a note in which she announced her desire to end her life in the mountains: to leave and not return.
The rescuers searched for her, but I don’t know how successfully, because after the ascent we immediately left.”
“The mountains give back those they took”
In addition to Assia Lach, among the dead found in the fall of 2017 were Vitaly Sidorchuk, Yuri Yuzhemchuk and Gennady Gerasimenko. The trio were part of a team of six Ukrainian climbers who went missing in 2004. Another dead - Andrey Dmitriev from Moscow, disappeared in 2006. Rescuers say: “The mountains give back those they once took.” There is no mysticism here: in recent years, the summer season in the Caucasus Mountains has been abnormally hot, and abundant snow melting opens the snow tombs of those who once did not return from climbing.
In 2018, human remains were discovered on the Gumachi glacier by a group of tourists. It was found that we're talking about about the instructor Evgenia Lebede. He was a well-known personality in mountaineering circles; memories of him can be found on many specialized mountaineering resources. Yevgeny Lebed went missing on September 10, 1994. He was 34 years old. After the examination, the remains of the deceased were sent for burial to Arzamas, where the climber’s relatives live.
Rescuers note that the number of people wishing to conquer Elbrus is growing. At the same time, the number of rescue operations is growing. The 2016 season was anomalous in terms of the number of deaths: 40 people lost their lives in the mountains of Kabardino-Balkaria, 30 of them while climbing Elbrus. About 300 more people were rescued during the operations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations.
Guides died in front of clients
Emergency Situations Ministry specialists say: the main causes of death and injury are unpreparedness, self-confidence and sloppiness. In addition to registered groups of climbers, there are also “wild” ones that do not inform the Ministry of Emergency Situations either about the number of climbers or about their route. Sometimes information that extreme sportsmen of this kind are in distress comes from concerned relatives. And by this moment there is no one to save. In April 2017, in front of their clients, two experienced mountain guides died while climbing Elbrus: a 38-year-old Elena Shuvalova and 50 year old Andrey Belov. According to witnesses, Elena turned around while moving and at that moment fell. Andrey tried to catch her, literally jumped down the slope after her and even partially covered her with himself. Both tried to slow down the fall, and the tourists left without leaders thought that nothing bad could happen. But the rescuers who arrived to help reported: as a result of a fall from the ice slope, Belov died on the spot, and Shuvalova died on the way to the hospital.
Colleagues of the guides say that Elena and Andrey set out on the route tired, and besides, their “crampons” turned out to be insufficiently sharpened for the weather conditions available at that time. The result is a tragedy.
Mountains demand respect
There are no scarlet roses and mourning ribbons,
And it doesn't look like a monument
That stone that gave you peace —
Like an Eternal Flame, it sparkles during the day
Top of emerald ice
- Which you never conquered.
Mountain romance is intoxicating, and many believe the famous lines Vysotsky about a deceased climber with something from the distant past. To sober up, it would be nice to familiarize yourself with the specialized websites of mountain climbers: they are full of messages about tragedies. This does not mean that mountaineering is a hobby for suicide. You just have to always remember that this is an extreme sport that involves very serious risks.
Mountains love respect and seriousness. They can always demand a very large fee for their beauty.
Clanism, nepotism - this is what helped those who managed to get closer to power to hold out at the imperial court in Russia. Such a person immediately sought to surround himself with relatives. So the Shuvalov clan pushed the Razumovsky family away from the throne in the early 50s of the 18th century.
Chamber-page Ivan Shuvalov (1727-1797)
Ivan Ivanovich was born into a poor noble family in Moscow. Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov never bore the title “count” - neither at birth, nor subsequently, when he was an all-powerful nobleman. He received a good education at home, knew four languages, read a lot, was interested in the arts, and grew up to be a handsome and modest young man.
The cousins, who were at the court of Elizaveta Petrovna, took the minor to St. Petersburg at the age of 14 and appointed him as a page-chamber. At this age, he was short in stature and spent all his free time reading books, and was not interested in dancing or young girls. But after four years he had already reached two meters in height and became a handsome young man. At his sister's wedding with Prince Golitsin, Ivan was noticed by Empress Elizabeth.
In 1749 she gave him his first title. Ivan Shuvalov became a chamber cadet, that is, a room boy. And the brothers made sure that he was left alone with the forty-year-old empress.
Chief Chamberlain
Soon Ivan Ivanovich received a new title - chief chamberlain. To most of the courtiers, the empress's new hobby seemed like a short-term whim. But smart, handsome, not greedy for money and not arrogant, Ivan Ivanovich remained in favor with Elizabeth Petrovna until her death in 1761.
His personal qualities, especially the absence of a penchant for money-grubbing, were very rare at that time. This amazed everyone, including the suspicious empress, who was used to everyone trying to get ranks, lands, peasants and money from her. The aging Empress Elizabeth doted on her chosen one, and he, despite the fact that her character had noticeably deteriorated with age, treated her with unwavering affection.
Activities of Ivan Shuvalov
One should not think that, having found himself in the right place at the right time, Ivan Ivanovich then only enjoyed life and pleased the empress, who was old enough to be his mother. Young and handsome, fashionably and expensively dressed, with excellent manners, he led the life of more than just a dandy. I. Shuvalov showed an unusual love for the arts: arts, literature, theater.
So, intending to create the Academy of Arts, in 1755 he took F.S. from Moscow. Rokotov and gave him the opportunity to begin his studies in his home until the Academy opened. And in 1761 he saw the future sculptor I. Shubin in the stoker of the palace. Ivan Ivanovich at one time supported the creator of the first Russian theater F. Volkov, as well as A. Sumarokov, a playwright and poet.
Together with M. Lomonosov, he drew up a project and opened Moscow University on his mother’s name day - Tatyana’s Day, in 1755. He supported this project for a long time.
I. Shuvalov selected teachers and students, and from his books laid the foundation for the university library and achieved the appearance of a printing house at the university, which printed not only scientific literature, but also the Moskovskie Gazette.
The Academy of Arts is entirely his brainchild. He gathered teachers abroad, looked for gifted students, and donated a collection of his paintings to the Academy. His political projects, still insufficiently studied, proposed increasing the number of senators and improving their activities, streamlining the bureaucracy, and in the army he believed that preference should be given to Russians rather than foreigners.
Much of what Shuvalov proposed was ahead of its time and was put into practice only under Catherine II and Paul I. In 1757, he presented a draft decree according to which I. I. Shuvalov was awarded the title of count, the post of senator and ten thousand serf souls. Ivan Ivanovich refused the title. Later honorary title“Count” Ivan Shuvalov did not accept from Ekaterina Alekseevna either. He didn't want such a title.
Palace of Count Shuvalov
Although Ivan Ivanovich did not bear the title of count, his palace was a truly grandiose structure, occupying an entire block. It was and is still located (though rebuilt) on Italianskaya Street not far from its patron.
The palace was built over five years in the style of It was designed by the architect S.I. Chevakinsky. Inside the palace, the historical decoration of the lobby with low columns with capitals has been preserved. The entire interior of the palace is richly decorated with stucco. But these are mostly later perestroikas.
Today it houses the Hygiene Museum, and the building itself is protected by the state, since it is our historical and cultural heritage.
Death of Elizaveta Petrovna
After the death of his patroness, Ivan Ivanovich lived for thirty-five years. Without hesitation, he swore allegiance to the new empress in 1762, but withdrew from the court. Not that it was disgrace, but still his position there changed.
Lieutenant General Shuvalov went abroad. He was treated kindly at the court of Marie Antoinette, entered the narrow circle of her associates and the so-called Lilac League. It determined the policy of France, and, except for Ivan Ivanovich, a sophisticated, well-mannered man with a broad outlook, there were never any foreigners in it.
When Catherine II found out about this, she was simply shocked. Now, realizing that there was a Russian nobleman loyal to the throne abroad, who had authority in Europe, the Empress gave him a number of diplomatic assignments. He fulfilled them brilliantly and received the rank of actual Privy Councilor.
In 1776, I. Shuvalov returned to Russia. He was given a pension of ten thousand rubles, and then he received the title of chief chamberlain. This, by the way, was the highest rank of the court - second after the empress. But in general, I. Shuvalov - a wealthy nobleman, the darling of fate, now led privacy. He again organized in his house and hosted at dinners the poets G. Derzhavin and I. Dmitriev, the admiral and philologist A. Shishkov, and the translator of Homer E. Kostrov. He knew how to enjoy life while giving pleasure to his friends.
I. Shuvalov’s entire long life, and he lived for 70 years, was accompanied not by envy, but by the glory of being smart, kind, honest man. This is not how life turned out for his cousins.
Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov (1711-1762)
Peter Ivanovich came from a family of small nobles. His father, the commandant of Vyborg, managed to get his son a page at the court of Peter the Great. When the emperor died, he participated in the coronation. During his service as a page, he learned all the requirements of the court and was able, thanks to this, to continue his court career.
When the daughter of Great Peter and her husband left for Kiel, the page-chamber P. Shuvalov also went there with them. There he gained new life experience.
Having given birth to a son, the future Emperor Peter III, Anna Petrovna died, and P. Shuvalov returned to Russia, accompanying the ship with the body of the crown princess, in 1728. During these years he met Mavra Egorovna Sheveleva, whom he later married. She was close friend Tsarevna Elizaveta Petrovna and later greatly helped the career of an ambitious courtier.
Near the throne
After returning from abroad, Shuvalov served faithfully as a chamberlain to Tsarevna Elizabeth.
Peter Ivanovich took an active part in the coup of 1741, elevating Elizabeth Petrovna to the throne, and in gratitude he received the high court rank of chamberlain. His military career is also growing rapidly. At first he is only a guards second lieutenant and major general, but the next year he becomes a lieutenant, and soon an adjutant general.
The growth of his career is simply rapid, since Elizaveta Petrovna does not forget, among the pleasures, the intelligent assistant who helped her get the throne. Peter Ivanovich receives the Order of St. Anna and St. Alexander Nevsky and becomes a senator. And in 1746, Count Shuvalov appears before us. By this time, he was already married to the “nosy”, as they said then, maid of honor Mavra Egorovna Shepeleva, who, like his older brother Alexander, who had been at court for ten years, helped him rapidly move up the career ladder.
Way up
Initially, all his actions in the army are ceremonial. He, along with his platoon, participates in the coronation ceremony of the Empress in Moscow. Then his platoon performs in parades, but Count Shuvalov quickly gets accustomed to the court and no less quickly receives higher education. military rank- Field Marshal General. He, one might say, gallops into the economic and political life of both capitals, as well as the entire empire.
Proposals of Count P. Shuvalov
Already in 1745, Count Shuvalov developed a project to collect the poll tax and combat arrears. The Empress saw in him a man who could revive the former greatness of the state. She listens carefully to his proposals to replace direct taxes with indirect ones, to recruit taxes for the army, to collect salt, to mint copper money (from a pound of copper they began to mint twice, and then four times as much money, which brought great profits to the treasury). But the empress is more carried away by the whirlwind of entertainment, so power is gradually concentrated in the hands of the greedy and money-hungry Peter Ivanovich.
In 1753, at his proposal, internal customs duties were abolished, and in 1755, with his active participation, a new Customs Charter was adopted.
Changes in the army
Already in 1751, when P. Shuvalov became general-in-chief, he received almost undivided command of the division. He shows remarkable zeal in moving and promoting cadres, training them, arming the division and taking care of its uniforms. This would come in handy later when the Seven Years' War with Prussia began in 1756.
Count Shuvalov threw all his strength into preparing the artillery and the reserve corps, which consisted of thirty thousand people. This business is familiar to him, and he successfully equips the reserves with new artillery, new firearms and uniforms.
At this time, he was appointed general-feldtzeichmeister, which meant command of the artillery and engineering corps. Count Shuvalov begins training gunners and submits to the Senate a project to create a new howitzer.
Without going into technical details, it should be noted that although it was adopted, it was unsuccessful. But the next weapon, called the Unicorn, was an achievement. This howitzer was invented by artillerymen M. Danilov and S. Martynov, and it was used to accompany infantry in battle almost a hundred years after its invention. The name is connected with the desire to flatter the count, on whose coat of arms this fantastic beast was depicted.
Coat of arms of Count Pyotr Shuvalov
The figure of a unicorn is included three times in the coat of arms of Count Shuvalov. Firstly, he is depicted on the shield itself, secondly, he holds the shield and, thirdly, he is located on the left above the helmet with the count’s crown. And three grenades remind of the accession to the throne of Elizabeth Petrovna. The inscription says the same thing.
At the end of the reign of Elizabeth I
Count Shuvalov under Elizaveta Petrovna effectively becomes the head of the Russian government. Everything that the Count proposes is discussed in the Senate. However, unlike his cousin, he was not distinguished by selflessness. Often his activities brought benefit to him and damage to the treasury.
He exclusively had the right to trade in timber, lard and blubber. Fishing for seals and fish in the White and Caspian Seas was also his monopoly. Count Shuvalov participated in tobacco farming; he had the best iron factories. And the wife, being a lady of state of Elizaveta Petrovna, as they say, obtained ranks and rewards for seekers for money.
After the death of Elizaveta Petrovna, despite the favorable attitude of Peter III towards him, the count began to get sick and died in 1762. His best and strongest character traits were the ability to organize things and bring everything to the end. This is how the powerful, ambitious Count Shuvalov lived his life. His biography demonstrates that he was an extraordinary person, but the thieving, arrogant and fabulously rich count still did not enjoy the love of his contemporaries.
Heir to Count Peter Ivanovich
One might assume that the Count left a significant fortune after his death. After all, money just flowed to him like a river. However, this turned out not to be the case. The Count was a very wasteful man.
His heir, son Andrei Petrovich, was left with only debts in the amount of 92 thousand rubles. But in Catherine’s era, Andrei Petrovich did not get lost, but became a senator, an actual privy councilor, a bank manager and a writer. He continued the dynasty of Counts Shuvalov, who lived already in the 19th century.
Shuvalov's elder brother
Alexander Ivanovich (1710-1771) together with his younger brother arrived at the court of Peter I and also began his service as a page. But, assigned to the court of Tsarevna Elizabeth, he was in charge of her household management. At that time this was a high position.
After the palace coup, in which both brothers took an active part, Alexander Ivanovich began to grow. To begin with, since 1742, he has only lightly touched upon the affairs of the Secret Chancellery, but he has not been abandoned by the favors of the Empress.
He is awarded, then promoted to lieutenant general, and a little later to adjutant general. And since 1746, Count Shuvalov Alexander Ivanovich appears before us, replacing the ill head of the Secret Chancellery and then heading it all his life.
During the reigns of Elizabeth I and Peter III until 1762, he was feared and disliked. And he preferred to engage in commercial activities that could help make a fortune. Elizaveta Petrovna did not forget her faithful assistant and awarded him the highest award in 1753 Russian Empire- Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.
Later, Shuvalov would become both a senator and a field marshal general. After Catherine's accession, he was sent to his estate near Moscow. By the way, of the three brothers, he was the most uninteresting person, one might say colorless.
Family life
Count Alexander Ivanovich was married to Ekaterina Ivanovna Kastyurina. This family was greedy and stingy, sparing money even on clothes that befitted their position. Their marriage produced a daughter, Ekaterina, who was married to Count G.I. Golovkin.
Under Alexander I, she became a lady of state. There are suggestions that A.S. Pushkin was born in her Moscow house. She was passionate about theater, and her serf dancers became the backbone of the Bolshoi Theater ballet troupe. Her sons were childless, and her daughter did not marry. So this branch of the Shuvalovs had no offspring.
Using the example of the Shuvalov clan, one can imagine how different people were who had the same roots.
Shuvalovs- Russian noble and count family, whose history can be traced back to the 16th century.
The origin of the Shuvalov family is not famous for the antiquity of the family: it rose from the “petty nobility” in the transformative era of Peter the Great, and then was elevated to the top of honors, wealth and all kinds of distinctions by one of the palace coups with which the St. Petersburg period of Russian history is so rich.
Coat of arms of the family of Counts Shuvalov
According to the surviving row records and acts, it is clear that in the second half of the 16th century there was a landowner in the Kostroma district Dmitry Shuvalov. And from him, at least five generations of this family stretch back to the days of Peter I, and the original representatives of this family constantly appear among the noble landowners of the Kostroma region. Like all nobles, they are often in the royal service: for example, one of them - Andrey Semenovich we meet under the walls of Smolensk, he was a governor (1616), another - Mikhail Ivanovich— in battles with Crimean robbers;
1. Mikhail’s older brother - Maksim- killed in one of these battles, namely, in the ill-fated campaign for the Russians in 1687.
One of Andrei's relatives, Danilo, was a Moscow Streltsy centurion (1636) and was subsequently granted a boyar (1669). All of these, however, were ordinary service people, the mass of whom constituted the stronghold and strength of the then Rus'.
1.1. But in the person of one of Maxim’s sons, Ivan Maksimovich, the Shuvalovs begin to little by little emerge from obscurity. This Ivan Maksimovich the Elder(died 1736), great-grandson of Andrei Semenovich, was a colonel and commandant in Vyborg under Peter the Great, and under Peter II he was a major general and had an Alexander ribbon, was involved in drawing up a map of sea and river banks, determined the border between Russia and Sweden and contributed to the conclusion of the Nystadt Peace. Died as governor in Arkhangelsk.
It was to his father, Ivan Maksimovich, that his two sons, the eldest Alexander and younger Peter. In the last years of the reign of Peter the Great I.M. Shuvalov, then still the commandant of Vyborg, had the opportunity to appoint his sons as pages to the Highest Court. It was no secret that the education of pages of that time was the service itself, participation in dinners and assemblies, “the world, the court, travel, campaigns and balls,” but not serious study.
Alexander and Peter were among the young nobles at the court of Tsarevna Elizabeth Petrovna and on the decisive night of November 25, 1741, they were among her most zealous and devoted supporters. Having achieved her goal, having ascended the throne, the daughter of Peter the Great, with the most generous hand, showered her partisans with favors; By the way, on September 5, 1746, both Shuvalovs were elevated to the dignity of counts of the Russian Empire. At the same time, Alexander Ivanovich, during the reign of Elizabeth, reaches the rank of field marshal general and for many years is the head of the terrible secret chancellery, and his brother Peter, a man much more capable than him and with extensive information, serves as field marshal general, president of the military college, and finally, field marshal .
The sons, grandsons and great-grandsons of these two Shuvalovs are constantly at the highest levels of the official hierarchy, and many of them are among those closest to the court. So, Count Andrei Petrovich b. 1744, 1789 with the rank of actual Privy Councilor and Knight of St. Andrew and St. Vladimir 1st degree; his sons Peter and Paul were adjutants general: the first of Emperor Paul, the second of Alexander I. Then, during the last reign, representatives of the family were: the president of the court office, the chief marshal and the cavalier of St. Andrew the First-Called Count Andrei Petrovich, married to Princess Fekla Ignatievna Zubova, née Valentinovich; his son is the chief head of the III department of His Majesty’s own Chancellery, adjutant general, lieutenant general Count Pyotr Andreevich; Chief of Staff of the St. Petersburg Military District, His Majesty's retinue, Major General Count Pavel Andreevich, married to Princess Beloselskaya-Belozerskaya; Member of the Council of the Minister of the Interior Secrets. council Pyotr Grigorievich Shuvalov (55 years old in 1882), married to Princess M. S. Gagarina; Counts: Andrey Pavlovich (b. 1816, married to Count Sofya Mikh. Vorontsova) and Pyotr Pavlovich Shuvalov, b. 1819
1.2. His brother Ivan Maksimovich Junior(died 1741), served as captain of the guard and was seriously wounded during the assault on Ochakov.
The most prominent and well-deserved fame in recent Russian history is enjoyed by his son - Ivan Ivanovich- founder and curator of Moscow University, in 1797.
The family of nobles and counts Shuvalov was recorded in the VI and V parts of the genealogical books of the provinces of Simbirsk, St. Petersburg, Kostroma and Yaroslavl.
IN modern history In Russia, the surname “Shuvalov” is also widely represented. However, for the most part, its bearers do not belong to a noble family, but come from burghers and/or former serfs of their famous namesakes. In 2009, on the initiative of Sergei Evgenievich Shuvalov, the ALL-RUSSIAN COMMUNITY OF THE SHUVALOV CLASS was founded
1.1.1. Graph Alexander Ivanovich Shuvalov(1710 - 1771) - confidant of Elizabeth Petrovna and especially Peter III, chamberlain, head of the Office of Secret Investigative Affairs, Field Marshal General, senator, member of the St. Petersburg Conference. Brother of Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov and cousin of Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov, Elizaveta Petrovna’s favorite.
Thanks to the efforts of his father Ivan Maksimovich, the Vyborg commandant, he was assigned to the court of Princess Elizabeth, where he played an important role until 1741, managing the household household. He took an active part in the coup of 1741.
With the accession of Elizabeth, he immediately occupied an influential position, showered, like his brother, with royal favors, awards and signs of favor: in 1741 he was awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky, in 1744 he became lieutenant general, from 1746 - adjutant general of the empress, in the same year, like his brother Pyotr Ivanovich, he was elevated to the dignity of count. The influence of the Shuvalovs increases to an even greater extent from 1749, when Alexander Ivanovich's cousin, Ivan Ivanovich, becomes Elizabeth's favorite. On December 18 (29), 1753, he received the highest award of the Empire - the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called.
From 1742 he took part in the affairs of the Secret Chancellery, and in 1746 he replaced the famous Ushakov as its head. Supervises the maintenance of the Braunschweig family in exile, leads the investigation into the Lestocq case, and later the investigation into the Apraksin and Bestuzhev case.
In 1754, he was appointed marshal at the court of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich, the future Peter III. The Shuvalovs give this special meaning, because they hope that such a rapprochement with the heir to the throne will allow them to strengthen their position at court. However, the future showed that, having relied on Peter III, they were deeply mistaken.
Last years The Elizabethan reign and the short reign of Peter III become the pinnacle of the power of the Shuvalov party: in 1758 A.I. Shuvalov becomes a senator, on December 28 (old style) 1761 - field marshal general.
During the coup that brought Catherine to power, he tries to agitate the guards to remain faithful to Peter, but, convinced of the complete futility of his attempts, he throws himself at the feet of the empress, asking her for mercy. Having approved the petition, Catherine gives Shuvalov, whom she personally hates, two thousand serfs and dismisses him from all posts (1763, according to other sources, 1762). He spent the last years of his life with his family in the Kositsy estate in Vereisky district, Moscow province, and was buried in the Church of the Transfiguration, which he built.
Alexander was the most pale figure of the Shuvalov party; according to contemporaries, he had neither the charisma nor the talents of his brothers, without whose approval he did not dare take a step. In the St. Petersburg Conference, an advisory body under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, he played an inconspicuous role, being a conductor of other people's ideas. Catherine II, who could not tolerate Alexander Ivanovich Shuvalov, portrays him as a stupid, indecisive, cruel, petty, stingy, boring and vulgar person:
Alexander Shuvalov, not in himself, but because of the position he held, was a threat to the entire court, the city and the entire Empire; he was the head of the Inquisition Court, which was then called the Secret Chancellery. His occupation was said to cause him a kind of convulsive movement, which occurred on the entire right side of his face, from eye to chin, whenever he was excited by joy, anger, fear or apprehension.
From marriage with Ekaterina Ivanovna Kastyurina(1718-1790) had an only daughter
1.1.1.1. Ekaterina(1733-1821), married in 1750 to the Count Gabriel Ivanovich Golovkin(d. 1787), grandson and main heir of Peter's chancellor. Countess Ekaterina Alexandrovna Golovkina was a lady of state; there is a version that it was in her Moscow house that A.S. Pushkin was born. Her serf ballet actors formed the main core of the Bolshoi Theater ballet troupe. The marriage had four sons, all childless, and an unmarried daughter Elizabeth (1752—1820).
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption There is only snow, sun and gray Elbrus
Photographer Yulia Lilishentseva set herself the goal of preparing from scratch to climb Everest within 10 years. Elbrus was the first step towards this goal. The first part of her story is .
While preparing for the climb, I imagined that Elbrus would look like mountains in documentaries. A place of solitude, a corner of the pristine world, lost in space and time.
Yes, I knew that Elbrus was home to several shelters - high-mountain hotels, but I did not expect such a large crowd of people. It turned out that there are a lot of tourists on the mountain and a bustling business. But who is the boss here: an entrepreneur, a climber or just nature?
Upon arrival in the village of Terskol after acclimatization, it seemed to me that I had been transported from the mountains to the streets of a seaside resort town.
People were constantly scurrying along the main highway: tourists in T-shirts and shorts, who came with their families to ride the ski lift and “take pictures” with Elbrus in the background; climbers just like us, and also participants in the upcoming mountain race.
All this against the backdrop of various buildings that proudly called themselves a hotel, a boarding house, or a restaurant. And between them are shops, shops and just tents.
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption View of Elbrus from Cheget
In the morning we got up early. Instructor Edik explained: “We need to be at the cable car by eight in the morning, otherwise we will hang around for two hours in line at the lift.”
While we were climbing up, I saw people with backpacks slowly moving on the slope. “Some groups acclimatize directly on Elbrus,” explained instructor Tanya.
Our program involved acclimatization in the Adyr-Su gorge in the Elbrus region at altitudes of up to 3200 meters. During the ascent, we immediately ascended by cable car to the Mir station (3500 meters).
On Mira we had a whole hour to enjoy for the last time the benefits of civilization that this place offered in abundance. Banquet hall and small cafes, counters with hats, socks and souvenirs.
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption Exit from "Barrels" to "Shelter 11"
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption Bad weather at the Barrels shelter
Between the tourists, like icebreakers through the Arctic ice, groups of climbers passed - walking heavily with heavy boots and heading higher, to the Gara Bashi station (the last station of the cable car - on this section there is already a chairlift) and the "Bochki" shelter (3800 meters).
At this stage, the word “hotel” could be forgotten. It’s not for nothing that the “Bochki” shelter has such a name - some of the warm trailers are made from tanks. The rest are essentially cabins similar to those in which they live in major cities guest workers - only a little more.
And if in the “Bochki” shelter each of us had a separate sleeping place in a room for eight people, then in the “Maria” shelter (4200 meters) we had to be content with two-story bunks that occupied almost the entire space of a dark room without windows.
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption Ice training at the Maria shelter
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption Learning to cut yourself with an ice ax in case of a fall
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption Portrait of instructor Edik
Ventilation, "interior" and sanitary conditions were also far from usual. “What else can you expect from a high-altitude hotel,” you say. Yes, of course, sleeping in warm trailers is better than sleeping in a tent in the piercing cold wind. Therefore, there is no end to those wishing to book “rooms”.
And, accordingly, there is no point in renovating shelters and making them more comfortable. Although literally 50 meters below "Maria" stands the skeleton of "Shelter 11", built in the late 1930s and burned down as a result of carelessness in the late 90s.
Some climbers called "Shelter 11" an exorbitant hotel - three floors, shower, sewerage, electricity, dining room. That is, the construction of such a facility on Elbrus is not something impossible, especially with the use of modern technologies.
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption Bad weather at the Barrels shelter
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishensteva Image caption View of "Barrels" after a thunderstorm
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption Dinner at the Bochki shelter
But investing in long-term projects doesn't seem to be popular in these parts. Quick payback of costs, use of old, battered facilities (on Cheget, neighboring Elbrus, a cable car was built back in the USSR), the desire to squeeze maximum money out of visitors when minimum investment- one gets the impression that these are the basics of local business.
Entrepreneurship here is so profitable that, as the instructors said, the mountain even has an “owner” - a certain person who comes once a month and collects “tribute” from everyone. I was very surprised by this fact. “How can a mountain have an owner? I thought that Elbrus was its own owner,” I said.
But here and there technology still makes itself felt. As is the case with the new cable car line on Elbrus or snowcats (caterpillar tractors designed for laying ski slopes and transporting goods and passengers).
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption The backpacks went on a snowcat, separately from some owners
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption On a snowcat, the journey from 4200 to 4800 meters took 20 minutes, and on foot - several hours
One snowcat flight from an altitude of 4200 meters to an altitude of 4800 meters costs at least 40 thousand rubles, but this does not prevent it from being popular among climbers, skiers and snowboarders.
Before the final exit, the instructors explained: “If you just want to go up, look at the mountains, if the fact of climbing is not something fundamental for you, ride a snowcat. This will increase your chances of climbing.”
It was important for me to climb myself, so I was among those nine participants who set out on foot around midnight from an altitude of 4200 meters and only reached the Pastukhov rocks (4800 meters) closer to three o’clock in the morning.
For the rest of the group, traveling by snowcat, this journey took 20 minutes. And when I walked for these several hours in complete darkness, seeing in front of me only the dim beam of my flashlight and the boots of the person walking in front, I more than appreciated the advantages of climbing on a snowcat.
Cold, wind, a head clouded from fatigue and the desire to sleep, a feeling of complete loss in space and time - this is what those who chose transport avoided. At the same time, don't expect a snowcat to be your ticket to the top. Already at 5000 meters, the instructors turned several people around at once, among whom were those who were riding it.
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption Evening at the Maria shelter, portrait of participant Nastya
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption Before dawn at an altitude of approximately 5000 meters
By the time we reached 5000 meters, it was starting to get light. After sunrise, walking became easier - not only because it was warmer, but also because in the darkness the elusive consciousness had nothing to cling to, and in the light I stopped wanting to sleep for a while.
However, the slow monotonous movement for two hours along the Oblique Shelf (passes under the eastern peak of Elbrus and leads to the saddle at an altitude of 5300 meters) played its role: I fell asleep right on the move.
The situation was complicated by a real “traffic jam” on the trail: participants in one of the groups walked so slowly that a long tail of the queue formed behind them. I took a step or two, and then stood for at least half a minute before moving again.
The large number of participants in the ascent was also explained by the good weather - I saw them as far as the eye could see: a chain of dots crawling up the mountain went back and forth from me along the entire Oblique Regiment.
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption After climbing from the saddle, at the beginning of the plateau - the participant rests after climbing 300 meters
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption Left just a little bit
When we reached the saddle, I was already tormented headache- not affected even by gels (food for athletes that meet their carbohydrate needs) and sweet tea with lemon. I collapsed on the trampled snow and looked at the western peak - we had the last 300 vertical meters left, but the climb was quite steep.
I didn’t know if I could get up: besides my head, my calf muscles hurt terribly, and my whole body became soft, like cotton wool. At that moment I even wanted to turn around and go down with those members of my group who decided to abandon the ascent.
I got up, checked the climbing harness with which I would soon need to fasten myself to the suspended rope, and went upstairs.
I won’t go into detail about the last 300 meters. About how we climbed them, expecting that the top was just a stone's throw away, and saw a plateau along which we wandered for another half hour. “Zombie Road” - that’s how we later dubbed this place.
20 meters before the top I stopped with Roma, Natasha, Ilya and Edik - we slowly drank tea to the encouraging cries of other group members who had already reached highest point Europe. Then they threw all their unnecessary things onto the snow - assault backpacks, poles - and went upstairs.
When I was taking the last step, instructor Gena caught me by the hand and pulled me into a small area where almost our entire group and other climbers were crowded. I was at the top. I expected that I would be delighted, that I might cry with joy, but nothing like that happened.
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption We're at the top
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva Image caption The main feeling? Calm
It was just quiet and calm inside me - as if I had come home. And when we went down, this feeling remained in me - it was not drowned out even by the headache that had reached its peak.
Snowcat beetles crawled below, and one of them froze at 5000 meters a few years ago - and remained standing, freezing into the ice and snow, becoming part of the mountain.
As if saying: “What is below, all this flickering, fussing - everything is in vain. There is only snow, sun and gray Elbrus, with which I have become one. How can there be an owner for something that is almost eternal.”
Illustration copyright Yulia Lilishentseva
Yulia Lilishentseva -fotographfrom Saint-Petersburg. EeInstagram accounte"-
Igor Ivanovich Shuvalov is a politician, lawyer, one of the wealthiest members of the government. From 2008 to 2018 - First Deputy Prime Minister, previously - former assistant to President Vladimir Putin (until 2008), head of the federal property fund (until 2000), deputy minister of the Ministry of State Property (1998).Responsible for developing the main vectors of economic development, resolving issues in the field of international relations, customs and tariff regulation, implementation of investment projects, support for small businesses, privatization issues and much more, the first deputy chairman, according to analysts, over the years of work in Putin’s team has proven himself to be a reliable confidant, the main driving force, “marshal” and competent adviser . The official’s powers also included preparations for the meeting of the leaders of the G8 and APEC states, the games in Sochi and the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
The media speaks of him as “a flexible liberal opposing the Kremlin’s hardliners,” a powerful lobbyist for a number of financial institutions, the owner of dubious assets and “ true face Russian business on a global scale." His entrepreneurship is associated with such famous figures as Roman Abramovich, Oleg Boyko, Alisher Usmanov, Suleiman Kerimov. He is one of the most financially secure representatives of the government elite (with a family income of 478 million rubles according to 2014 data) and allegedly owns an estate and castle in Zarechye, a villa in the UAE, an apartment in the British capital, an estate in Austria, assets in France and general condition at $220 million.
Childhood and youth of Igor Shuvalov
Igor Shuvalov was born on January 4, 1967 in the Chukotka village of Bilibino, where his relatives, Muscovites themselves, temporarily worked under a contract. Cute details from the childhood of the future politician are hidden from the public. It is known that Shuvalov went to first grade Far East, however, he received a certificate of secondary education already in one of the Moscow schools.There is a hypothesis that Igor Shuvalov comes from the count family of the Shuvalovs, which dates back to the 16th century, the heyday of which occurred during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna. However, Shuvalov himself did not delve into this issue, so he is not sure that he can boast of such a relationship. According to the official, his father comes from the “Moscow Shuvalovs,” and his maternal ancestors are natives of the Smolensk region who moved to Moscow during the era of industrialization.
In 1984, he made an unsuccessful attempt to enter Moscow State University, then worked for a year as a laboratory assistant at the Ecos Research Institute (analytical center for communications), and in 1985 he was called up for military service. There is no information about what type of troops Shuvalov served in. 
Having been demobilized in 1987, he was enrolled in the working faculty of Moscow State University, and a year later he became a full-fledged law student at the same institution. In 1993, Igor Shuvalov graduated from university, becoming a certified lawyer, after which he was hired by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Shuvalov's business career
The talented and ambitious graduate of Moscow State University did not stay as an attaché for long. During this period, he met Alexander Mamut, who was a subordinate of Roman Kolodkin, Shuvalov’s senior colleague at the Foreign Ministry. Igor’s son had just been born, and the official was in search of a more promising and lucrative job. Roman recommended Shuvalov to Mamut, who needed employees for the newly created legal consulting center ALM Consulting, which worked in partnership with London-based Frere Cholmeley Bischoff.Quite quickly, the bureau acquired clients among leading businessmen and politicians, including the owner of the OLBI concern Oleg Boyko, Boris Berezovsky, Roman Abramovich (Shuvalov was involved in supporting the privatization of Sibneft in 1995), Alisher Usmanov.
For six months, Shuvalov was involved in legal support of the affairs of the National Credit Bank headed by Boyko. Boyko wanted the affairs of his bank to be a priority for Shuvalov, so he decided to interest him by offering to become a co-owner of the business and receive 15% of the assets. Subsequently, Shuvalov co-founded a number of companies, in particular, OPT-Consortium Bank, which united the funds of credit and financial institutions - shareholders of the ORT company, as well as an impressive list of organizations engaged in trading, banking and real estate activities (“Stalker”, “ Funtime", "RANDO", etc.).
Shuvalov in politics
In 1997, Shuvalov, not without the help of Mamut, was appointed head of the department of the state register of federal property of the State Property Committee, receiving the right to represent the country’s interests in financial institutions (Rosgosstrakh, Sovcomflot). In December 1997, he joined the Board of Directors of Sovcomflot, and a couple of months later he took a chair on the board of ORT. Soon (after the resignation of the government of Viktor Chernomyrdin in 1998), he was approved for the post of head of the Russian Federal Property Fund. Shuvalov retained his position as head of the Russian Federal Property Fund for a long time - he was such during the premiership of Yevgeny Primakov, Sergei Stepashin and Vladimir Putin.At the same time, a successful businessman and official represented state interests in Gazprom, ORT, Russian State Insurance Company, and the All-Union Exhibition Center. He was included in the group to develop measures to overcome the financial and economic crisis, which included, among others, the head of the presidential administration Alexander Voloshin and the chairman of Vnesheconombank Andrei Kostin. (images/stories2015/uzn_1442996135.jpg#Vice Prime Minister Igor Shuvalov) In 2000, Igor Shuvalov, at the instigation of Voloshin and Abramovich, took the chair of minister, chief of staff of the Russian White House. In 2003, after an incident with Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov, who lost confidence in Shuvalov, considering him to represent the interests of his oligarch patrons, Igor left the Government, after which he was appointed assistant to the head of state, overseeing issues of economic growth, poverty alleviation and reform of the armed forces .
In October 2003, he became deputy to the new head of the presidential administration, Dmitry Medvedev. He headed the Board of Directors of the shipping company Sovcomflot and became a representative of the National Banking Council.
In 2005, Shuvalov became Vladimir Putin’s personal representative at the G8 summit, and the following year he took an active part in Russia’s representation at the summit as deputy chairman of the organizing committee.
Exclusive interview with Igor Shuvalov
In 2008, he, along with Viktor Zubkov, became the first deputy chairman of the government Russian Federation, heading the commission for the development of small and medium-sized businesses, as well as the body to counter the negative consequences of the global financial crisis. In addition, Igor Ivanovich led preparatory activities for the annual meeting of APEC leaders.
Since 2009, a senior official has served as the national coordinator of Russia for CIS affairs, since 2010 - head of the commission on economic development and integration.
Since 2011 (after the resignation of Alexei Kudrin), the politician has been the curator of the economic sector and the country’s representative in the Eurasian Specialized Commission. During the same period, he was predicted to become the leader of the political force “Right Cause”, then his candidacy was considered as the main one from the Primorsky branch “ United Russia"in the Duma elections, but later he abandoned his intention to run for the State Duma.
In 2012, he became the head of the commission on urban planning policy, transport and communications, retaining the position of first deputy chairman and overseeing privatization issues.
In an interview in 2015, the official announced that the consequences of the crisis for the country's economy were less harmful than the authorities expected, and that from 2016 the economy in Russia would grow.
Deputy Prime Minister Igor Shuvalov presents an anti-crisis plan
Personal life of Igor Shuvalov
Shuvalov, who, according to experts in the heraldry of the head of the Russian Imperial House, may be a descendant of domestic aristocrats. 
Like any exemplary politician, he is married. His classmate Olga became his wife during his student years. In 1993 she graduated from Moscow State University with a diploma in civil law. Now she is a housewife, however, even in this status she manages to earn millions, since with the transition to serving the state, her husband transferred his assets to her name. He is engaged in breeding Welsh Corgi dogs.
The couple has three children. In 1993, a son, Evgeniy, was born, in 1998, a daughter, Maria, and in 2002, Anastasia. The son was fond of horse riding, wrestling and swimming, Masha - rhythmic gymnastics. Shuvalov himself loves to play football with his friends.
Scandals
Igor Shuvalov is considered one of the richest Russian politicians, giving him a reputation as the most corrupt government official. He often becomes involved in major scandals. It is believed that Igor Shuvalov's main interests lie outside of Russia. The official has so far managed to fend off all attacks from Western and domestic media regarding the dubious legality of his capital. As a result, despite the fact that the official has vast experience and reliable connections in the government apparatus and business, the prospects for his ascension to the very top of power are minimal.At the end of 2011, the American Securities Commission made publicly available information about Shuvalov’s acquisition of assets worth more than $300 million in the United States.
A couple of months later, Alexey Navalny made publicly available documents according to which the Shuvalov family earned millions of dollars from shares in Gazprom and Sibneft, and the money was transferred to Shuvalov through accounts nominally owned by the oligarchs Abramovich and Usmanov.
A year later, Boris Nemtsov convicted Shuvalov of arrears in payment of transport tax in the amount of 300 thousand rubles. Later it turned out that all the politician’s debts had been repaid; it was just that the website of the Federal Tax Service, due to its specifics, reflected the received amounts with a delay.
In 2016, Shuvalov’s wife was caught using on an ongoing basis a private jet worth $50 million that was not declared for their family. It turned out that the plane was used to transport dogs to international exhibitions, and the amount spent on jet flights was, according to the Anti-Corruption Foundation, about 40 million rubles per year.
In the summer of the same year, Alexey Navalny said that Shuvalov was building a “king-apartment” in an elite high-rise building on Kotelnicheskaya Embankment, having bought 10 apartments on the 14th floor of the high-rise, the total cost of which the blogger estimated at 600 million rubles. Shuvalov’s manager replied that the apartments could have been “acquired as part of an investment strategy for asset management” and added that everything was in order with Shuvalov and his family’s property declarations.
Shuvalov: “Apartments for 20 square meters. Seems funny..."
Igor Shuvalov today
In 2016, Igor Shuvalov oversaw the preparation of cities in Russia for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. However, in October this responsibility passed to Vitaly Mutko, who took up the new position of Deputy Prime Minister for Sports. 
In May 2018, Igor Shuvalov left the new Government of the Russian Federation, formed shortly after the inauguration of Vladimir Putin. According to sources, Shuvalov has long wanted to receive a new appointment, “where the president says.”