This time indicates the nearest past completed action. Passato prossimo is a complex tense, it is formed using the auxiliary verb avere or essere in the present tense and the past participle of the conjugated verb.
Past participle (participio passato) is formed: for verbs I conjugation by discarding the ending -are and adding the ending -ato to the stem, for verbs II and III conjugation by dropping the endings -ere and -ire and adding the endings -uto and -ito to the stem respectively:
|
Infinito |
Participio passato |
|
|
I conjugation |
||
|
II conjugation |
||
|
III conjugation |
||
Past participle of some non-standard verbs:
fare - fatto
dire - detto
venire - venuto
leggere - letto
scrivere - scritto
prendere - preso
vedere - visto
perdere - perso
essere - stato
As mentioned above, one participio passato for the formation of the past tense will not be enough. Although we have already succeeded in the sacrament, let’s see how it can be used separately:
La borsa persa - the lost bag
La lettera scritta - written letter
Le parole dette - spoken words
I compiti finiti - completed quests
That is, it is nothing but an analogue of the participle in the Russian language. Now, let's take this very participle and add an auxiliary verb to it (which one — avere or essere — will be discussed a little later), while we look at examples:
Butfattoilmiolavoro.
- I did my job;
On thelettoquestolibro.
- He read this book;
Abbiamovisitato Firenze.
- We visited Florence.
Arturo
ha mangiato troppo. -Arthur ate too much.
As you can see, the form of the auxiliary verb indicates the one who committed the action, the use of a personal pronoun, as in other times, is completely useless. Most verbs form passato prossimo with the auxiliary verb avere. The auxiliary verb essere is used in the following situations:
1) In the formation of passato prossimo of the verb essere itself.
Due giorni fa sono stato a Roma - two days ago I was in Rome. 2) When passato prossimo is formed, most verbs of movement (entrare, uscire, arrivare, partire, andare, venire, tornare, etc)
Ieri Arturo è andato a mangiare - Yesterday Arthur went to eat.
Bruno è andato dalla nonna. - Bruno went to grandma
Loro sono partiti per Firenze. - They left for Florence 3) passato prossimo state verbs and state changes (stare, morire, nascere, diventare, dimagrire, ingrassare).
Filippo e` nato nel 1978. - Filippo was born in 1978. Dopo due anni e` diventata un`attrice famosa. - Two years later, she became a famous actress. Maria e` ingrassata molto. - Maria got very fat. Ieri e` morto il suo cane. - Yesterday his dog died. 4) All reflexive verbs form passato prossimo with the auxiliary verb essere:
Mi sono alzata alle 7 - I got up at 7
Marco si e` vestito velocemente -Marco dressed quickly.
From the above examples, note that the past participle of the verbs conjugated with essere is consistent in gender and number with the subject:
Lina è andatA a lavorare.
Il padre è arrivatO da Napoli.
I miei genitori sono partit I ieri sera.
Claudia e Lucia non sono ancora tornatE.
Verbs in the Italian language are characterized by the indispensable presence of such an important grammatical category as time, reflecting the relationship of actions (or states) with the real time of their fulfillment, both regarding direct informing the interlocutors of their actual implementation (the moment of speech is absolute time), and in relation to another action or another time period (relative time).
Similar lessons for verbs:
Moreover, a very complex, ramified and interconnected structure of various temporal forms is structured in the language. So, the corresponding verb tense word forms (present - the action takes place in the present tense segment, past - the action took place in the past tense segment - and the future - the action will only be implemented in the future tense segment - time) is in the indicative (Indicativo (leggere (stentato) - read with difficulty - one form of the present (Presente - noi leggiamo (stentato)), five - of the past (Imperfetto - noi leggevamo (stentato), Passato prossimo - noi abbiamo letto (stentato), Passato remoto - noi leggemmo (stentato), Trapassato prossimo - noi avevamo letto (stentato) and Trapassato remoto - noi avemmo letto (stentato)) and two - of the future (Futuro semplice - noi leggeremo (stentato), Futuro anteriore - noi avremo letto (stentato)), imperative (Imperativo - leggere (stentato) - read with difficulty - one form of the present (Presente - leggiamo (stentato)), conditional (Condizionale - leggere (stentato) - read with difficulty - one f-ma of the present (Presente - noi leggeremmo (stentato)) and one - of the past (Passato - noi avremmo letto (stentato)) and the subjunctive (Congiuntivo - one f-ma of the present (Presente - che noi leggiamo (stentato)), and the three forms of the past (Imperfetto - che noi leggessimo (stentato), Passato - che noi abbiamo letto (stentato) and Trapassato - che noi avessimo letto (stentato)).
Moreover, these word forms can vary depending on the method of their form change, breaking up into simple ones (by means of one basic verb by adding indicator inflections to its infinitive base - bere (sopra un dolore) - to drown (grief in wine) - tu bev + i ( Presente indicativo) (sopra un dolore) - tu bev + evi (Imperfetto indicativo) (sopra un dolore) - che tu bev + a (Congiuntivo Presente) (sopra un dolore) and others) and compound (based on two related verbal units - auxiliary (avere, essere) and basic - bere (sopra un dolore) - drown (grief in wine) - io + ho (recall avere) + (past reason. Main) bevuto (Passato prossimo) (sopra u n dolore) - io + avrei (recall avere) + (past reason. main) bevuto (Passato condizionale) (sopra un dolore), etc.) elements.
In general, we can consider about fifteen basic temporary forms within the framework of four Italian moods, characterized by the peculiarities of their speech use and structural construction of forms. The most obvious in terms of disclosing the above features is the tabular method, to the aid of which we will resort below.
table of tenses of Italian verbs - features of use in speech
| Inclination - time | Use cases | Examples of use in speech |
| modo indicativo | ||
| Presente | Normal, action, limited right now | Il bambino non (negative) parla ancora. (The child does not speak yet) - limited to the moment “yet” |
| Normal, action, not limited (continued) present | Nikos parla al telefono. (Nikos speaks by phone) - emphasis on the process of real-life action (at the moment, whether in general) | |
| Habitual, repeat. dei-i | Ci rechiamo al lavoro col tram ogni Lunedi. (We go to work by tram every Monday) | |
| Significant Future Time (Planning) | Io parto davvero. (I’m really leaving \u003d going to leave). | |
| Common Truth | Il suo vero nome è Andrea. (His real name is Andrea). | |
| Imperfetto | The usual idle action in the process of its flow in the past | Il cielo era coperto. (The sky was overcast) |
| Regular, repeat unrequited past action | Spesso soffrivamo la solitudine. (We often suffered from loneliness). | |
| The survey of the state man, nature, etc. | Aveval’orecchio fine. (He had a subtle (musical) ear. | |
| Background for actions of the finished type. | Era molto emozionato per l’accaduto, quando fece una sfuriata contro i subordinati. (He was very excited about what happened when he shouted at his subordinates). | |
| Passato prossimo | Just the law of action in the past; har no for rag. speeches and publications | Abbiamo passeggiatobene, anche se siamo stanchi. (We walked well, though we were tired). Non ha capito nulla, e sembrava tanto intelligente. (He didn’t understand anything, but he seemed so smart) |
| Passato remoto | The end of the action of the long-standing type, not connected with the speech mom | George sand nacquenel 1804. (George Sand was born in 1804). |
| Unclaimed, continued according to the character of the past, its action, but limited in time | Visseroal limite del villaggio fino al 1994. - They lived in the outskirts of the village until 1994. | |
| Trapassato prossimo | Within the framework of the pr-x proposal; final action previous action in the main pre-action | Ha detto che aveva riconosciutoun’automobile rubata. (He said that he recognized the stolen car). |
| In an independent proposal. for fix preceding | Il cielo plumbeo non diceva niente di buono. e dopotutto avevo dimenticatole chiavi in \u200b\u200bmacchina. (Leaden sky did not bode well. But I forgot the keys in the car (\u003d earlier) | |
| Trapassato remoto | Law in the past. action; used in the pre-x time-s for the first instant precedent dei-ju in the main (passato remoto); with soy-mi quando, dopo che, etc .; rarely in the letter. speech | Appena ebbi arrivato, venni a trovarvi. (As soon as I arrived, I went to you). |
| Futuro semplice | Acting in future rel-ju to my speech | l’esperienza mi dice che finiràmale. (Experience tells me that he will end badly) |
| Estimated action relative to the present. | Al tempo presente, sarannogià per via. (Currently, they are apparently on the way.) | |
| Fixing orders, requests | Lo farai tu riconoscerai! (You yourself admit it!) | |
| Futuro anteriore | The future. action, pred-her other future. dei ju; in the coming times, if the tale. mostly used in Futuro semplice | Appresso che lo avrò veduto, ti dirò tutto. (After I see him, I will tell you everything). |
| Pre-type action in the past | ... Da qui non ci si sente. Gli ospiti saranno andati via presto . (It’s inaudible from here. Probably the guests left early). | |
| modo congiuntivo | ||
| Presente | Expression in the pride of the proposal. suppose, perhaps, desire, ignorance, etc. related to the actions in the head, if the story in the head in presente or futuro and fix at the same time or last action; fixes not a condition, but the consequence | Suppongo che lei padre vengadomani. (I guess her father will come tomorrow.) |
| Imperfetto | Expression in the pride of the proposal. pre-suppose, desire, ignorance, etc. related to the actions in the head, if the story in the head in the past times and fixed simultaneously -t or last action; fixes not a condition, but the consequence | Speravo che lei padre venisse. (I was hoping her father would come) |
| Passato | Expression in the pride of the proposal. suppose, perhaps, desire, ignorance and others. related to the actions in the chapter, if the story in the chapter in presente or futuro and the predecession of actions is fixed ; fixes not a condition, but the consequence | Suppongo che lei padre sia già venuto. (I guess her father has already come). |
| Trapassato | Expression in the pride of the proposal. pre-suppose, desire, lack of faith, etc. related to the actions in the head, if the story in the head in past times and fixed predecessor action; fixes not a condition, but the consequence | Speravo che lei padre fossegià venuto. (I was hoping her father had already come) |
| modo condizionale | ||
| Presente | Communication of information from third parties (supposedly, obviously ...) | Il primo ministro arriverebbe fra mezzora. (The prime minister will probably arrive in half an hour) |
| Desired action in an unknown. offer, request | Vorreitanto leggere nel future! (I would so much like to foresee the future!) | |
| Passato | Communication of information from third parties (supposedly, obviously ...) in the past. | Secondo notizie di stampala solista della rock band famosa sarebbe già tornata. (According to press reports, the soloist of the famous rock band apparently has already returned. |
| The desired unrealization in the past action in the independence. offer | Allora avrei dovuto dire tutta la verità! (I had to tell the whole truth then!) - but did not. | |
| modo imperativo | ||
| Presente | Orders, invitations, requests and other volition | Assicuratela fune a un albero! (Attach the rope to the tree) |
In this article we will begin to study verbs in italian, namely, their classification. To make the classification system for verbs more understandable, we divide it into several main parts.
I. Separation of Italian verbs by meaning.
1. Significant Verbs in Italian - these are verbs that are used in one of its lexical meanings. This group includes most of the verbs in Italian: parlare- speak, leggere- to read, nuotare- swim, etc.
2. Auxiliary Verbs in Italian - These are verbs that serve to create grammatical constructions. Verbs primarily belong to this group. essere - to be and avere - to have. In most cases, these verbs are used to form various verb constructions, for example, complex tense forms: Noi siamo arrivati \u200b\u200ba tempo a Kiev- we arrived on time Kiev. This is an example of using the auxiliary verb essere for education nearest past tense ( Passato prossimo) in Italian. The conjugation of these auxiliary verbs is different from the conjugation of ordinary verbs, so you need to remember them.
3. Modal Verbs in Italian Are verbs that can be used in their usual meaning ( io lo so- I know this), but are more often used to form verb constructions with the infinitive of the semantic verb:
devi insegnare l "italiano- you have to learn (someone) the Italian language
The main modal verbs in Italian are:
volere- to want
dovere- to be due
potere- to be able to /
sapere- know
io voglio frequentare questi corsi di lingua italiana a Kiev- I want to visit these italian courses in Kiev
There are certain features when using these verbs. For example, if you need to express the need to do something at all, then use the construction bisogna+ infinitive of the main verb: bisogna lavorare- need to work
But if you need to accurately indicate this need, then use the modal verb dovere(in the required form) + infinitive of the semantic verb: per sapere qualcosa devi studiare- in order to know something, you must study
II. Separation of Italian verbs by syntax
This term should be understood as the relation of the verb-predicate to other syntactic units - the subject and the complement. On this basis, Italian verbs are divided into the following groups:
1. Personal Verbs in Italian - always imply the presence of a person (action performer). This category of verbs has 3 persons in the singular and 3 in the plural. Most verbs in Italian are personal.
2. Impersonal Verbs in Italian - these are verbs expressing processes or states that proceed by themselves, without any executor. Verbs of this type mainly include verbs characterizing natural phenomena: albeggiare - dawn nevicare - go (about snow) piovere - go (about rain), etc.
3. Reflexive Verbs in Italian - verbs always used with reflexive pronouns. Examples of such verbs: svegliarsi - wake up, lavarsi - wash your face, etc.
Knowledge of reflexive verbs is important when building complex grammatical constructions. For example, the usual verb lavare(wash, wash) during education Passato prossimorequires an auxiliary verb avere: ho lavato questa macchina- I washed this car
But the same verb with reflexive pronoun sibecomes refundable and when used in the same Passato prossimoauxiliary verb required essere: ti sei lavato? - did you wash your face?
4. Transitive verbs in Italian (i verbi transetivi - these are verbs whose action is directed to some object (which in the sentence is a direct complement). Examples of constructions with transitive verbs: leggere un libro - read a book, scrivere una lettera- write a letter. Transitive verbs form a passive voice (which will be discussed in subsequent articles).
5. Intransitive Verbs in Italian - verbs whose action is not directed to any subject. This group of verbs includes most movement verbs: tornare- come back, andare- go, go, partire- to leave entrare- enter uscire - go out and others. Intransitive verbs do not form a passive voice.
III. Separation of Italian verbs by conjugation
In the Italian language, depending on the conjugation features, all verbs are divided into 3 groups:
1. Conjugation Verbs , or “correct” verbs in Italian are verbs that do not change the root of a word and obey the basic conjugation rules. This group includes most Italian verbs, which, in turn, are divided into 3 groups: I group - with the end - are in the infinitive II group - with the end - ere and III group with ending - ire .
2. Verbs of deviating conjugation - a fairly large group of verbs in the Italian language, in which when conjugating in certain tenses and persons, either the root of the word or its ending changes (sometimes the root and the ending change at the same time). As an example, one can cite verbs of group III, in which present tense 1st, 2nd, 3rd person singular and in the 3rd person plural a suffix appears - isc :
io capisc o noi capiamo
tu capisc i voi capite
lui, lei capisc i loro capisc ono
The most common verbs of this group: finire, capire, pulire, proibire, preferire, spedire etc.
3. Verbs of individual conjugation in Italian - a group of verbs, each of which has its own conjugation features. The following main Italian verbs belong to this group: andare, avere, bere, dare, dire, dovere, essere, fare, morire, piacere, porre, potere, rimanere, salire, sapere, sceliere, sedere, spegnere, stare, tenere, tradurre, trarre, ushire, venire, volere. Since these verbs do not have any general rules, their conjugation just needs to be remembered.
IV. Special forms of the verb in Italian
This group includes non-personal forms of the verb - participle and gerund , which can be found in detail in our next articles.
In the following articles we will continue to study italian and take a closer look at topics related to verbs in Italian.
The Italian language has several past tenses. Today we will analyze the most common - Passato prossimo. This time is used to indicate a completed action in the past. for instance "I did," "I said."
Education Passato Prossimo
To form a verb form passato prossimo, we need two things:
- The verb avere or essere
- Partecipio passato verb (past participle)
That is, our form will consist of two words. Do not worry, in practice, not everything is as complicated as it seems!
Here is the design structure: the present tense of the verb “avere” or “essere” + past participle (endings change according to the following scheme: are → ato; ere → uto; ire → ito)
Use Passato Prossimo
For the verb Parlare passato prossimo first person form looks like - "Ho parlato". It consists of the present tense first person form of the verb avere (ho) - what is called the auxiliary verb - and the partecipio passato form of the verb parlare (parlato).
The verb form parlato can be easily found on my favorite conjugation site, but in general they are easy to remember, you yourself probably guessed that the form was formed from the parlare infinitive by replacing the ending according to the scheme are → ato; ere → uto; ire → ito. However, this scheme does not work for all verbs, many verbs have irregular forms, such as fare - fatto, dire - detto, avere - avuto, essere - stato, etc.
Now for the auxiliary verb of our construction, ho parlato. The verb in the first part can be avere or essere, depending on which verb we conjugate. For most verbs used avere
:
io ho parlato
tu hai parlato
lui / lei ha parlato
noi abbiamo parlato
voi avete parlato
loro hanno parlato
What verbs does essere use with?
- intransitive verbs related to movement: andare (go), venire (come), uscire (go / go), arrivare (come / come), entrare (go in), etc., as well as the verb stare (be, feel )
Sono andata all’università - I went to university
Lui è partito per Roma - He left for Rome
Dove sei stato? - Sono stato a Mosca - Where have you been? I was in Moscow.
- pronouns (reflexive) verbs:
Io mi sono svegliata tardi - I woke up late.
Tu ti sei svegliato presto - You woke up early.
Come si è chiamato quel ragazzo? “What was that guy’s name?”
- Verbs related to psychological or physical processes: nascere (born), arrossire (blush), impazzire (go crazy), dimagrire (lose weight), invecchiare (grow old), etc.
Lei è nata nel 1987 - She was born in 1987.
- All connected verbs (serving as a connection between the subject and the predicate): essere (to be), sembrare (seem), apparire (look), diventare (become), etc.
Sono diventata grande - I became big.
- the verb “piacere” and other verbs used in a similar grammatical construction (sometimes called “verbs of indirect complement”): mancare (miss), costare (cost), etc.
Il viaggio mi è piaciuto - I liked the trip.
Mi sei mancato - I missed you.
Homework
Let's try to use everything that we have learned so far in
Translate to Russian:
- Io sono andata a roma
- Lei è partita ieri alle 5 di pomeriggio
- A che ora sei arrivata a casa?
- Quando è venuto?
- Cosa hai fatto ieri dalle 13 alle 17?
- Cosa ha detto la tua mamma?
Translate to Italian:
- Where have you been?
- What did Masha say?
- I went to school yesterday
- When was Mozart born?
- When did you wake up?
- Did you like breakfast